Assessment of heavy metal content in peloids from some Cuban spas using X-ray fluorescence
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Abstract
Heavy metal (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) content in muds from some Cuban spas (San Diego, Elguea, Santa Lucía and Cajío) have been studied using X-ray fluorescence. The measured metal contents are in the same order of magnitude as those reported for average Earth’s upper crust average shales and muds as well as with worldwide reported peloids. The comparison with sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) shows a different degree of pollution for peloids from each studied spa. Nevertheless, the estimated sum of metal/probable effect level value ratios (0.9 – 2.4) correspond to a low potential acute toxicity of contaminants. Therefore, the heavy metal content present in peloids from the studied Cuban spas is not an obstacle for its use with therapeutic purposes.
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How to Cite
Díaz Rizo, O., Suárez Muñoz, M., González Hernández, P., Gelen Rudnikas, A., D´Alessandro RodríguezK., Melián Rodríguez, C. M., Pérez Martín, A., Fagundo Castillo, J. R., & Martínez-Villegas, N. V. (1). Assessment of heavy metal content in peloids from some Cuban spas using X-ray fluorescence. Nucleus, (61), 1-5. Retrieved from http://nucleus.cubaenergia.cu/index.php/nucleus/article/view/10
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Ciencias Nucleares
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[25] MIKO S, KOCH G, MESI? S, et. al. Anthropogenic influence on trace element geochemistry of healing mud (peloid) from Makirina Cove (Croatia). Environ Geol. 2008; 55(3): 517-537.
[26] KOMAR D, DOLENEC T, DOLENEC M, et. al. Physico-chemical and geochemical characterization of Makirina Bay peloid mud and its evaluation for potential use in balneotherapy (N Dalmatia, Republic of Croatia). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2015; 14(1): 5-12.
[27] ABDEL-FATTAH A, PINGITORE NE. Low levels of toxic elements in Dead Sea black mud and mud-derived cosmetic products. Environ Geochem Hlth. 2009; 31(4): 487-492.
[28] QUINTELA A, TERROSO D, FERREIRA DA SILVA E, et. al. Certification and quality criteria of peloids used for therapeutic purposes. Clay Minerals. 2012; 47(4): 441-451.
[29] US Pharmacopeia 29-NF 24. Rockville: US Pharmacopeial Convention, 2006.
[30] European Medicines Agency. Guideline on the specification limits for residual metal catalysts for metal reagents. London, 2008. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/09/WC500003586.pdf [accessed: november, 2015].
[31] PEDERSEN F, BJØRNESTAD E, ANDERSEN HV, et. al. Characterizarion of sediments from Copenhagen harbour by use of biotests. Wat. Sci. Techn. 1998; 37(6-7): 233-240.
[2] CARRETERO MI. Clay minerals and their beneficial effects upon human health: a review. App Clay Sci. 2002; 21(3-4): 155-163.
[3] VENIALE F, BARBERIS E, CARCANGIU G, et. al. Formulation of muds for pelotherapy: effects of ‘‘maturation’’ by different mineral waters. App Clay Sci. 2004; 25(3-4): 135-148.
[4] MASCOLO N, SUMMA V, TATEO F. In vivo experimental data on the mobility of hazardous chemical elements from clays. App Clay Sci. 2004; 25(1-2): 23-28.
[5] TATEO F, SUMMA V. Element mobility in clays for healing use. App Clay Sci. 2007; 36(1-3): 64-76.
[6] TATEO F, RAVAGLIOLI A, ANDREOLI C, et. al. The in-vitro percutaneous migration of chemical elements from a thermal mud for healing use. App Clay Sci. 2009; 44(1-2): 83-94.
[7] CARRETERO MI, POZO M, MARTÍN-RUBÍ JA, et. al. Mobility of elements in interaction between artificial sweat and peloids used in Spanish spas. App Clay Sci. 2010; 48: 506-515.
[8] SUÁREZ MUÑOZ M, MELIÁN RODRÍGUEZ C, GELEN RUDNIKAS A, et. al. Physicochemical characterization, elemental speciation and hydrogeochemical modeling of river and peloid sediments used for therapeutic uses. App Clay Sci. 2015; 104: 36-47.
[9] PELÁEZ R. Proyecto de Explotación Fangos Medicinales de Boca de San Diego, Pinar del Rio. In: Unión Geológica. Fondo Geológico Nacional, MINBAS, 2003. 26 p.
[10] DÍAZ RIZO O, GELEN RUDNIKAS A, D´ALESSANDRO RODRÍGUEZ K, et. al. Assessment of historical heavy metal content in healing muds from San Diego river (Cuba) using nuclear analytical techniques. Nucleus. 2013; (53): 19-23.
[11] FAGUNDO JR, GONZÁLEZ P, SUÁREZ M, et. al. Origen y composición química de las aguas minerales sulfuradas de Cuba. Su relación con el medio ambiente geológico. In: Contribución a la Educación y la Protección Ambiental. Vol. 3, 2002. Electronic Book. ISBN 959-7136-13-9
[12] MANCHADO A, CERVANTES P. InfoTER database. Version 1.0. Centro Nacional de Termalismo “Victor Santamarina” (CENTERVISA). La Habana, 2003.
[13] GONZÁLEZ HERNÁNDEZ P. Contribución al conocimiento hidroquímico de acuíferos cársicos costeros con intrusión marina. Sector Güira-Quivicán, Cuenca sur de La Habana [tesis para optar por el grado de Dr. en Ciencias Técnicas]. La Habana: ISPJAE, 2003.
[14] WinAxil code. Version 4.5.2 [software]. CANBERRA-MiTAC, 2005.
[15] PADILLA R, MARKOWICZ A, WEGRZYNEK D, et. al. Quality management and method validation in EDXRF analysis. X-Ray Spectrom. 2007; 36(1): 27-34.
[16] QUEVAUVILLER PH, MARRIER E. Quality assurance and quality control for environmental monitoring. Weinheim: VCH, 1995.
[17] IAEA. Polluted marine sediment. Reference material 356. IAEA/AL/080 Report. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1994.
[18] DÍAZ ARADO O, DÍAZ RIZO O, LÓPEZ PINO N, et. al. Evaluation of the InSTEC´s EDXRF assembly for marine sediment pollution studies. AIP Conf Proc. 2009; 1139(1): 158-159.
[19] McDONALD DD, INGERSOLL CG, BERGER TA. Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2000; 39(1): 20-31.
[20] LI YH. A compendium of geochemistry: from solar nebula to the human brain. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
[21] KABATA-PENDIAS A, MUKHERJEE AB. Trace elements from soil to human. Springer, 2009.
[22] SUMMA V, TATEO F. The use of pelitic raw materials in thermal centres: mineralogy, geochemistry, grain size and leaching test: examples from the Lucania area (southern Italy).App Clay Sci. 1998; 12(5): 403-417.
[23] TERROSO D, ROCHA F, FERREIRA DA SILVA E, et. al. Chemical and physical characterization of mud/clay from Sao Miguel and Terceira islands (Azores, Portugal) and possible application in pelotherapy. 9Th International Symposium on Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine. May 21-24, 2006. Metal vol 9. p. 85-92.
[24] BASCHINI MT, PETTINARI GR, VALLES JM, et. al. Suitability of natural sulphur-rich muds from Copahue (Argentina) for use as semisolid health care products.App Clay Sci. 2010; 49(3): 205-212.
[25] MIKO S, KOCH G, MESI? S, et. al. Anthropogenic influence on trace element geochemistry of healing mud (peloid) from Makirina Cove (Croatia). Environ Geol. 2008; 55(3): 517-537.
[26] KOMAR D, DOLENEC T, DOLENEC M, et. al. Physico-chemical and geochemical characterization of Makirina Bay peloid mud and its evaluation for potential use in balneotherapy (N Dalmatia, Republic of Croatia). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2015; 14(1): 5-12.
[27] ABDEL-FATTAH A, PINGITORE NE. Low levels of toxic elements in Dead Sea black mud and mud-derived cosmetic products. Environ Geochem Hlth. 2009; 31(4): 487-492.
[28] QUINTELA A, TERROSO D, FERREIRA DA SILVA E, et. al. Certification and quality criteria of peloids used for therapeutic purposes. Clay Minerals. 2012; 47(4): 441-451.
[29] US Pharmacopeia 29-NF 24. Rockville: US Pharmacopeial Convention, 2006.
[30] European Medicines Agency. Guideline on the specification limits for residual metal catalysts for metal reagents. London, 2008. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/09/WC500003586.pdf [accessed: november, 2015].
[31] PEDERSEN F, BJØRNESTAD E, ANDERSEN HV, et. al. Characterizarion of sediments from Copenhagen harbour by use of biotests. Wat. Sci. Techn. 1998; 37(6-7): 233-240.