Use of PIXE analysis to study urban atmospheric aerosols from downtown Havana City
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Abstract
The present work shows the results of a first study aimed at determining the elemental composition in airborne particulate matter (in fine and coarse particle size fractions). It was collected at the Atmospheric
Monitoring Station in the Municipality of Centro Habana, using the Particle Induced Xray Emission (PIXE) technique. At present, there is no information available about elemental contents in airborne particulate matter from this region. For this study, we carried out a sampling campaign during five months (November 14, 2006 to April 19, 2007). The samples were collected every second day during 24 h under an air flux of 20 l/min. The air sampler used was a Gent Sampler equipped with a Stacked Filter Unit (SFU) system which allows the aerosol collection in both size fractions simultaneously. A total of 144 aerosol samples were collected (72 correspond to the fine mass particle and 72 to the coarse mass particle). For PIXE analysis, the samples were irradiated by 2.0 MeV energy protons from the 2 MV Tandetron Accelerator from the Laboratory of PIXE analysis at ININ, Mexico. A total of 14 elements (S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb) were consistently detected in both of particle size fractions with minimum detection limits in the range of 1-10 ng/ . The quantitative results obtained from PIXE elemental analysis for mass of particles in both fractions have revealed important information that has been used in a first attempt to understand and characterize the atmospheric pollution in this area. A general discussion about these results is presented in this paper.
Monitoring Station in the Municipality of Centro Habana, using the Particle Induced Xray Emission (PIXE) technique. At present, there is no information available about elemental contents in airborne particulate matter from this region. For this study, we carried out a sampling campaign during five months (November 14, 2006 to April 19, 2007). The samples were collected every second day during 24 h under an air flux of 20 l/min. The air sampler used was a Gent Sampler equipped with a Stacked Filter Unit (SFU) system which allows the aerosol collection in both size fractions simultaneously. A total of 144 aerosol samples were collected (72 correspond to the fine mass particle and 72 to the coarse mass particle). For PIXE analysis, the samples were irradiated by 2.0 MeV energy protons from the 2 MV Tandetron Accelerator from the Laboratory of PIXE analysis at ININ, Mexico. A total of 14 elements (S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb) were consistently detected in both of particle size fractions with minimum detection limits in the range of 1-10 ng/ . The quantitative results obtained from PIXE elemental analysis for mass of particles in both fractions have revealed important information that has been used in a first attempt to understand and characterize the atmospheric pollution in this area. A general discussion about these results is presented in this paper.
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How to Cite
Pérez Zayas, G., Piñera Hernández, I., Ramos Aruca, M., & Guibert Gal, R. (1). Use of PIXE analysis to study urban atmospheric aerosols from downtown Havana City. Nucleus, (46). Retrieved from http://nucleus.cubaenergia.cu/index.php/nucleus/article/view/527
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Ciencias Nucleares
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References
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[2] O'NEIL MS, LOOMIS D, TORRES-MEZA V, et. al. Estimating particle exposure in the Mexico City metropolitan area. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2002; 12(2): 145-156.
[3] ALDAPE F, FLORES MJ, FLORES AJ, et. al. Elemental Composition and Source Identification of PM 2,5 particles collected in downtown Mexico City. International Journal of PIXE. 2005; 15(3-4): 263-270.
[4] ARTAXO P, GERAB F, RABELLO MLC. Elemental composition of aerosol particles from two atmospheric monitoring stations in the Amazon Basin. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 1993; 75(1-4): 277-281.
[5] ALVES LC, REIS MA, FREITAS MC. Air particulate matter characterization of a rural area in Portugal. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 1998; 136(1-4): 941-947.
[6] BRAGA CF, TEIXEIRA EC, MEIRA L, et. al. Elemental composition of PM 10 and PM 2.5 in urban environment in South Brazil. Atmospheric Environment. 2005; 39(10): 1801-1815.
[7] JOHANSSON SAE, CAMPBELL JL. PIXE: a novel technique for elemental analysis. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1988.
[8] MAENHAUT W, MALMQVIST KG. Particle-Induced X-ray Emission Analysis. In: Handbook of X-Ray Spectrometry. Second Edition. New York: 2002. p 719-809.
[9] MAENHAUT W, FRANÇOIS F, CAFMEYER J. The ''Gent'' stacked filter unit (SFU) sampler for the collection of atmospheric aerosols in two size fractions: Description and instructions for installation and use. IAEA Report NAHRES-19. In: Applied Research on Air Pollution using Nuclear-Related Analytical Techniques. Vienna: IAEA, 1994. p. 249-263.
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[11]ALDAPE F, FLORES MJ, DÍAZ RV, et. al. Upgrading of the PIXE system at ININ (Mexico) and report on elemental composition of atmospheric aerosols from 1990 in the ZMCM. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 1996; 109: 459-464.
[12]ALDAPE F, FLORES MJ, GARCÍA R, et. al. PIXE analysis of atmospheric aerosols from a simultaneous three site sampling during the autumn of 1993 in Mexico City. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 1996; 109: 502-505.
[13]FLORES MJ, ALDAPE F. PIXE study of airborne particulate matter in northern Mexico City. International Journal of PIXE. 2001; 11(1-2): 61-67.
[14]MIRANDA J, LÓPEZ SUÁREZ A , PAREDES GUTIÉRREZ R, et. al. A study of atmospheric aerosols from five sites in Mexico city using PIXE. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 1998; 136(1-4): 970-974.
[15]FLORES MJ, ALDAPE F, DÍAZ RV, et. al. PIXE analysis of airborne particulate matter from Xalostoc, Mexico: winter to summer comparison. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 1999; 150(1-4): 445-449.
[16]HOPKE PK, XIE Y, RAUNEMAA T, et. al. Characterization of the Gent Stacked Filter Unit PM 10 Sampler. Aerosol Science and Technology. 1997; 27(6): 726-735.
[17]EG&G ORTEC Maestro II Emulation Software [software informático]. V.1.10. Oak Ridge, 1990.
[18]FLORES MJ, ALDAPE F, DÍAZ RV, et. al. Set-up and improvements of the PIXE facility at ININ, Mexico. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 1993; 75(1-4): 116-119.
[19]AXIL. Quantitative X-ray Analysis System. [software informático]. V.3.3 and WinAxil V.4.5.3. Developed under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Vienna, Austria.
[20] KASAHARA M. Characterization of atmospheric aerosols and aerosol studies applying PIXE analysis. In: Analytical Chemistry of Aerosols. CRC Press LLC, 2001. p. 145-171.
[21]WEAST RC. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics : A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data. 57th ed. Cleveland: CRC Press, 1977. p. 203.
[22]THURSTON GD, SPENGLER JD. A quantitative assessment of source contributions to inhalable particulate matter pollution in metropolitan Boston. Atmospheric Environment. 1985; 19(1): 9-25.
[23]GREENBERG RR, GORDON GE, ZOLLER WH, et. al. Composition of particles from the Nicosia Municipal Incinerator. Environ Science and Technol. 1978; 12(12): 1329-1332.
[2] O'NEIL MS, LOOMIS D, TORRES-MEZA V, et. al. Estimating particle exposure in the Mexico City metropolitan area. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 2002; 12(2): 145-156.
[3] ALDAPE F, FLORES MJ, FLORES AJ, et. al. Elemental Composition and Source Identification of PM 2,5 particles collected in downtown Mexico City. International Journal of PIXE. 2005; 15(3-4): 263-270.
[4] ARTAXO P, GERAB F, RABELLO MLC. Elemental composition of aerosol particles from two atmospheric monitoring stations in the Amazon Basin. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 1993; 75(1-4): 277-281.
[5] ALVES LC, REIS MA, FREITAS MC. Air particulate matter characterization of a rural area in Portugal. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 1998; 136(1-4): 941-947.
[6] BRAGA CF, TEIXEIRA EC, MEIRA L, et. al. Elemental composition of PM 10 and PM 2.5 in urban environment in South Brazil. Atmospheric Environment. 2005; 39(10): 1801-1815.
[7] JOHANSSON SAE, CAMPBELL JL. PIXE: a novel technique for elemental analysis. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1988.
[8] MAENHAUT W, MALMQVIST KG. Particle-Induced X-ray Emission Analysis. In: Handbook of X-Ray Spectrometry. Second Edition. New York: 2002. p 719-809.
[9] MAENHAUT W, FRANÇOIS F, CAFMEYER J. The ''Gent'' stacked filter unit (SFU) sampler for the collection of atmospheric aerosols in two size fractions: Description and instructions for installation and use. IAEA Report NAHRES-19. In: Applied Research on Air Pollution using Nuclear-Related Analytical Techniques. Vienna: IAEA, 1994. p. 249-263.
[10]ALDAPE F. Uso de los Aceleradores en la Búsqueda de Soluciones a la Problemática Ambiental: Trascendencia Social. In: Experiencia Mexicana en Aceleradores de Partículas. Serie: CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA EN LA HISTORIA DE MEXICO. Editorial Siglo XXI, 2004. Primera Edición. p. 203.
[11]ALDAPE F, FLORES MJ, DÍAZ RV, et. al. Upgrading of the PIXE system at ININ (Mexico) and report on elemental composition of atmospheric aerosols from 1990 in the ZMCM. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 1996; 109: 459-464.
[12]ALDAPE F, FLORES MJ, GARCÍA R, et. al. PIXE analysis of atmospheric aerosols from a simultaneous three site sampling during the autumn of 1993 in Mexico City. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 1996; 109: 502-505.
[13]FLORES MJ, ALDAPE F. PIXE study of airborne particulate matter in northern Mexico City. International Journal of PIXE. 2001; 11(1-2): 61-67.
[14]MIRANDA J, LÓPEZ SUÁREZ A , PAREDES GUTIÉRREZ R, et. al. A study of atmospheric aerosols from five sites in Mexico city using PIXE. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 1998; 136(1-4): 970-974.
[15]FLORES MJ, ALDAPE F, DÍAZ RV, et. al. PIXE analysis of airborne particulate matter from Xalostoc, Mexico: winter to summer comparison. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 1999; 150(1-4): 445-449.
[16]HOPKE PK, XIE Y, RAUNEMAA T, et. al. Characterization of the Gent Stacked Filter Unit PM 10 Sampler. Aerosol Science and Technology. 1997; 27(6): 726-735.
[17]EG&G ORTEC Maestro II Emulation Software [software informático]. V.1.10. Oak Ridge, 1990.
[18]FLORES MJ, ALDAPE F, DÍAZ RV, et. al. Set-up and improvements of the PIXE facility at ININ, Mexico. Nucl. Instr. Meth. B. 1993; 75(1-4): 116-119.
[19]AXIL. Quantitative X-ray Analysis System. [software informático]. V.3.3 and WinAxil V.4.5.3. Developed under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Vienna, Austria.
[20] KASAHARA M. Characterization of atmospheric aerosols and aerosol studies applying PIXE analysis. In: Analytical Chemistry of Aerosols. CRC Press LLC, 2001. p. 145-171.
[21]WEAST RC. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics : A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data. 57th ed. Cleveland: CRC Press, 1977. p. 203.
[22]THURSTON GD, SPENGLER JD. A quantitative assessment of source contributions to inhalable particulate matter pollution in metropolitan Boston. Atmospheric Environment. 1985; 19(1): 9-25.
[23]GREENBERG RR, GORDON GE, ZOLLER WH, et. al. Composition of particles from the Nicosia Municipal Incinerator. Environ Science and Technol. 1978; 12(12): 1329-1332.