Nuclear Scienceshttp://opn.to/a/nmifV

The SPES Exotic Beam ISOL Facility: Status of the Project, Technical Challenges, Instrumentation, Scientific Program

La instalación SPES Exotic Beam ISOL: estado del proyecto, desafíos técnicos, instrumentación, programa científico

  Fabiana.Gramegna@lnl.infn.it


Summary

SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) is the INFN project for a Nuclear Physics facility for the production of Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs). It is in advanced construction in Legnaro, with several technological innovations and challenges foreseen, comprehensive of new achievements and improvements. SPES will provide mostly neutron-rich exotic beams, derived by the fission fragments (up to 1013fiss/s) produced in the interaction of an intense proton beam (200 μ A) on a direct UCx target. Several other targets will be developed, in order to provide users a large beam selection. The expected SPES beam intensities, their quality and, finally, their maximum energies (up to 11 MeV/n for A=130) will permit to perform forefront research in nuclear structure and nuclear dynamics, studying a region of the nuclear chart far from stability. This goal will be reached by coordinating the developments on the accelerator complex and those of up-to-date experimental set-ups.

Key Words:
accelerators; radioactive ion beams; training; beam production; targets; research programs.

Resumen

SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) es el proyecto INFN para una instalación de física nuclear para la producción de haces de iones radiactivos (RIB). Está en construcción avanzada en Legnaro, que prevé varias innovaciones tecnológicas y desafíos, con nuevos logros y mejoras. SPES proporcionará principalmente haces exóticos ricos en neutrones, derivados de los fragmentos de fisión (hasta 1013fisiones/s) producidos en la interacción de un intenso haz de protones (200 μ A) con un blanco UCx directo. Se utilizarán diversos blancos para proporcionar a los usuarios una gran selección de haces. Las intensidades esperadas del haz SPES, su calidad y, finalmente, sus energías máximas (hasta 11 MeV/n para A=130) permitirán realizar investigaciones de vanguardia en la estructura nuclear y la dinámica nuclear, estudiando una región del mapa nuclear lejos de la estabilidad. Este objetivo se alcanzará coordinando los desarrollos en el complejo del acelerador con las configuraciones experimentales actualizadas.

Palabras claves:
aceleradores; haces de iones radiactivos; entrenamiento; producción de haces; blancos; programas de investigación.

INTRODUCTION

The Legnaro National Laboratory [1] is located in the North West part of Italy, in the Veneto region in between two splendid towns: Padua, the place where Galileo Galilei was giving his lessons and Venice, the door towards the Eastern World. The Laboratory was born in the 60’s as a Research Laboratory of the Padua University and only in the 70’s it became the first National Laboratory of the National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN). In the Laboratory, different accelerators are running: in particular, the main activity related to Nuclear Physics is performed at the TANDEM-ALPI complex, which is composed by a 16MV Tandem XTU Van De Graaff accelerator, which can work either standalone or as injector of the ALPI Linac Accelerator. The LINAC can work even alone, with the Super Conductive PIAVE RFQ injector opportunely designed for high intensity beams.

Close to these facilities the new SPES [2] facility is under construction.

Besides the main accelerator complex, two smaller Van de Graaff machines are also running: a 2MV accelerator, which can mainly accelerate p and He beams and the 7MV CN accelerator. These machines are mainly used for interdisciplinary physics (material, environmental, radiobiology, micro-dosimetry,cultural heritage), but also for nuclear physics and astrophysics purposes. At the CN, in particular, a pulsed neutron beam for experimentation can be delivered.

In Figure 1 a view of the new facility complex is shown, where on the left the new SPES building is shown. This building is hosting in the centera proton driver, which consists of a commercial cyclotron, unique in its kind, custom built in order to reach up to 750 μ A of proton current in an energy range from 35 to 70 MeV. The cyclotron has been provided by the BEST company [3]. Moreover, in the building the area on the right of the cyclotron is devoted to applications, with different bunkers for either research or production of new radio-isotopes of interest for medicine.

In particular the SPES - γ phase [4] is related to the development of two areas.On one side the RILAB activity, to which a bunker is dedicated, where research on new radio-isotopes production will be performed: the activity will be dedicated to cross section measurements, high power new target tests, test of production of radio-isotopes and connected tests of radio-pharmaceuticals. On the other end, a production facility in collaboration with a private company is going to be defined and to be operated in the RIFAC bunker and related pharmaceutical laboratories. This part is under discussion for a cooperation between INFN and a private companyin order to produce radio-isotopes for medical diagnosis and therapy.

On the left part, towards the area of the old buildings, where the Tandem and the LINAC accelerators are installed, the two bunkers dedicated to the production of radioactive beams have been built, fitted with high technological plants for safety and radioprotection reasons (Figure 2).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The main part of the SPES facility, which is of interest of the Nuclear Physics Community, is the SPES- α phase (dedicated to the installation and commissioning of the proton driver), connected to the SPES- β phase (transport system and post-acceleration through the ALPI Linac accelerator) dedicated to the Radioactive Beam production.

The B70 cyclotron, built by the BEST company can deliver two beams at the same time, at present with the same energy, but different intensities up to a maximum of 750 μ A. In the next future even two different energy beams will be possible. The cyclotron is in situ and the Site Acceptant Tests (SAT) have been performed and completed. The Cyclotron is now ready to operate and the LNL personnel is performing the training period to learn how to deal with the machine.

The RIBs project consists of a proton beam of 200 μ A and 40 MeV impinging on aUCx sliced target able to produce up to 1013 fissions/s. The produced species will be then ionized and extracted using the Target Ion Source system (TIS), which is the core of the SPES - β project [5,6]. The TISis integrated is the so called Front End (FE). The FE system will be installed in the SPES production bunker: the proton beam will impinge at 90° with respect to the extracted RIB and it is stopped in the last part of the target by a series of graphite disks (Beam Dump). The RIBs are extracted from the target, opportunely ionized and firstly selected through a Wien Filter section to about 1/150. All this part of the systemis designed to keep the maximum of the produced radioactivity inside the bunker itself. For safety purposes, two systems are provided for maintenance operation, able to unlock the target ion-source system from the Front End and to replace it remotely. The main system is a horizontal one, based on an AGV system, which moves into the bunker, dismount the target and takes it to the temporary storage. In case of malfunctioning of the horizontal system, a second handling is provided vertically: in the roof of the bunker a series of concrete blocks can be removed and a crane-like system can operate and remove the target (Figure 3).

Since the Front End is working under a high radiation field inside the bunker, a strong study on radiation hard material has been performed in collaboration with the Pavia University and INFN section: a new version of the FEhas been designed, where all parts have been renewed for what it concerns the materials and sealing to fulfill the radiation hardness requests.

Different kind of TIS have been developed within the SPES project: a Surface Ion Source (good efficiency and selectivity for elements like Rb, cs, Ba); a Plasma Ion Source (necessary to ionize elements with high ionization potential, but with very poor selectivity); a Laser Ion Source (which is based on the laser resonant photo-ionization and it is very powerful and highly selective).

The isotopes produced in the target andionized by the source are extracted and directed towards the first selective element, that is a Wien Filter able to select isotopes up to Δ M/M 1/150. Then a first series of elements (a Magnetic Dipole plus a series of electrostatic elements) will complete the selection reaching about Δ M/M ~1/200

In Figure 4 the layout of the transport line from the production bunker to the low Energy area (non-reaccelerated RIBs) is shown: after the Wien Filter, which is still installed in the production bunker the beam is selected and sent to a 90° Magnetic Dipole and then transported through a series of electrostatic elements (Triplets, Dipoles) until a DiagnosticTape Station, designed to characterize the beam production.

On the other hand, the RIBs can be also transported towards a Beam Cooler necessary to couple the emittance of the beam to the High Resolution Mass Spectrometer (HRMS), which is under design so to reach a separation of Δ M/M=1/20000.

At the exit of the HRMS the transport line can either be sent back to the low Energy Area or to go towards the post-accelerator: before reaching the ALPI accelerator the beam is sent to a Charge Breeding Stage, necessary to charge up the isotopic species from 1+ to n+, after which a further Medium Resolution Mass Spectrometer is used to clean up from possible contaminants generated in the Charge Breeder.In Figure 5 a picture of the Charge Breeder, which is under installation at LNL is shown together with some optical elements of the 1+transport line, called ADIGE.

Moreover, a new normal conductive Resonant Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), entirely designed at LNL is under production. It will properly inject the RIBs into the Linac ALPI for post-acceleration: the RFQ injection energy is 5.7 keV/n and the exit energy 727 keV/n.

The ALPI post-accelerator is undergoing a major upgrading in terms of transmission properties, beam intensities and energies. Some further cryostats will be installed in the forthcoming months so to give the possibility of reaching 10-11 MeV/n for A=130-140.

Instrumentation and Scientific program

The SPES performances in terms of beam intensities at the production/extraction point (after the 1+ ionization) and at the secondary target (experiment) position (post-accelerated intensities) have been evaluated with MCNPX. A picture of the calculated intensities as reported on the LNL website [7] is shown for re-accelerated beams. Users can download the Beam Tables together with the description of the system from the web page. Moreover, specific tests on the TIS SPES system have demonstrated the capability of the sliced target to produce extra yields with respect to the bulk configuration, which was originally used at HRIBF at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (USA) [8] (Figure 6).

The SPES scientific program has been discussed in several International meetings, where several Letters of Intent have been presented. Several up to date instrumental set-ups (PRISMA [9], GARFIELD [10], GALILEO [11] etc.) are present at LNL and have been updated to be used with RIBS. Some other will be travelling apparatuses (like AGATA [12], FAZIA [13] and NEDA [14]) and will come to LNL for particular experimental campaigns. Some moreinstruments are under development on purpose for the experimental activity at SPES (ATS - active target for SPES, β -decay station etc.)

CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK

The SPES facility is going in the installation phase in the forthcoming years. The proton driver that is the B70 cyclotron from BEST is installed and the training of the INFN personnel is undergoing. During the next two years the 1+ transport line, the Charge Breeder, the MMRS and the FE will be installed. According to the SPES schedule the first non re-accelerated radioactive beams will be delivered to the Users in 2020, in the low energy area. In the meanwhile, the RFQ will be installed and commissioned, so that the post-acceleration part of the facility will be tested with stable and pilot beams.

Re-accelerated RIBs are foreseen in 2021, with a high resolution mass selection in 2022.

Users are welcome from all over the world, so that SPES can be considered an International facility User Oriented.

References

1 

[1] Legnaro National Laboratories (LNL). Disponible en: http://www.lnl.infn.it/index.php/en/

2 

[2] SPES Project. Disponible en: https://web.infn.it/spes/

3 

[3] Best Cyclotron Systems. Disponible en: http://www.bestcyclotron.com/products.html

4 

[4] SPES-γ Production of radionuclides for applications. Disponible en: https://web.infn.it/spes/index.php/component/content/article/133-spes-phases/192-gamma

5 

[5] ANDRIGHETTO A, et. al. Fission fragment production from uranium carbide disc targets. Eur. Phys. Journ. A. 2005; 25: 41-47.

6 

[6] SCARPA D, et. al. Neutron-rich isotope production using the uranium carbide multi-foil SPES target prototype. Eur. Phys. Journ. A. 2011; 47: 32.

7 

[7] SPES Beam Tables. Disponible en: https://web.infn.it/spes/index.php/news/spes-beam-tables

8 

[8] Alton GD & Beene JR. The holifield radioactive ion beam facility at the oak ridge national laboratory: present status and future plans. Disponible en: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=DFD0C2995C9875C9BE1655F96FEAF8BE?doi=10.1.1.617.9659&rep=rep1&type=pdf

9 

[9] STEFANINI AM, et. al. The heavy-ion magnetic spectrometer PRISMA. Nucl. Instr. Meth.A. 2002; 701(1-4): 217-221.

10 

[10] BRUNO M, GRAMEGNA F, et. al. GARFIELD + RCo digital upgrade: A modern set-up for mass and charge identification of heavy-ion reaction products. Eur. Phys. Journ. A. 2013; 49: 128.

11 

[11] UR CA. J. Perspectives for the gamma-ray spectroscopy at LNL: the GALILEO project. Phys. Conf. Series. 2012; 366(conference 1): 012044

12 

[12] AKKOYUN S, et. al. AGATA-Advanced GAmma Tracking Array. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A. 2012; 668: 26-58.

13 

[13] BOUGAULT R, et. al. The FAZIA project in Europe: R&D phase. The European Physical Journal A. 2014; 50: 47.

14 

[14] JAWORSKI G, et. al. Monte Carlo simulation of a single detector unit for the neutron detector array NEDA. Nucl. Instr. Meth. A. 2012; 673: 64-72.

 

 

Received: 13/02/2018

Accepted: 29/05/2018

 

 


Study group member

For the SPES collaboration:

A. Andrighetto1, P. Antonini1, M. Ballan1, M. Bellato2, L. Bellan1, D. Benini1, G. Bisoffi1, J. Bermudez1, G. Benzoni4, D. Bortolato1, F. Borgna1, L. Calabretta3, M. Calderolla1, S. Canella1, S. Carturan1, N. Ciatara1, M. Cinausero1, D. Conventi1, V. Conte1, M. Comunian1, L. Costa1, S.Corradetti1, G. De Angelis1, C. De Martinis4,5, P. De Ruvo1, J. Esposito1, E. Fagotti1, D. Fabris2, P. Favaron1, E. Fioretto1, A. Galatá1, F. Gelain1, M. Giacchini1, D. Giora1, A. Gottardo1, M. Gulmini1, M. Lollo1, A. Lombardi1, M. Manzolaro1, M. Maggiore1, D. Maniero1, T. Marchi1, P.F. Mastinu1, A. Monetti1, F. Pasquato1, R. Pegoraro1, A. Pisent1, M. Poggi1, S. Pavinato1, L. Pranovi1, D. Pedretti1, C. Roncolato1, M. Rossignoli1, L. Sarchiapone1, D. Scarpa1, J.J. Valiente Dobon1, A. Vescovo1, D. Zafiropoulos1.

1INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Legnaro (PD), Italy

2INFN Padova, Italy

3INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Italy

4INFN Milano, Italy

5Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università, Milano, Italy